At particle creation, the Cannon and Grid set no rotation the Particle Exploder takes rotation from the exploded dot, layer, or character. You can also influence the direction of individual particles by using a layer map to set values for the Gradient Force, X Speed, and Y Speed properties in the Property Mappers. After particle creation, direction can be influenced by the Direction control in the Gravity control group or by specifying a Boundary (mask) in the Wall control group. At particle creation, the Cannon includes particle direction the Layer Exploder and Particle Exploder send new particles in all directions and Grid particles have no initial direction. The following list covers common particle behavior and how you can influence it. To control the color for the lifespan of particles, create a layer map and use one of the Property Mappers to alter the color channels of the particles. If the source of the layer is a nested composition, you can set different Opacity values or In and Out points for the layers within the nested composition to make the exploding layer transparent at different points in time. If you want to start or stop a layer explosion, animate the Radius of New Particles control by using keyframes so that its value is zero at times when you don’t want particles to be created. By default, this creates a continuous shower of particles for the duration of the composition. If you want text characters to appear at the grid position with normal spacing, use a text alignment other than the Use Grid option. If you’re using text characters as particles, the Use Grid option in the Edit Grid Text dialog box is on by default, placing each character on its own grid intersection, so normal character spacing, word spacing, and kerning do not apply. When a grid particle is created, it is centered over its grid intersection, regardless of whether it is a dot, a layer, or a text character. Specifies the rate at which bubbles decelerate after being released from the producer point, and controls the speed of the flow of the bubbles. If you select Zoom Producer Point, the point moves with the universe as it is zoomed out, and the point ends up closer to the center of the screen. For example, if you set a position for Producer Point in the upper-left corner of the layer and then zoom out on that layer, the producer point stays in the upper-left corner of the screen if you don’t select Zoom Producer Point. Specifies whether the producer point and all of its associated keyframes remain relative to the universe (selected) or to the screen (unselected) when you zoom in or out on it. Not every frame takes this long to calculate once Foam adjusts to the change, rendering speeds up again. The key parameter for secondary particle formation was the amount of gaseous hydrocarbons in primary emissions however, also the primary particle population had an influence.When making adjustments to Physics controls, the farther into the simulation you are, the longer the adjustments take to render, because each adjustment results in the simulation being recalculated all the way back to the beginning. The highest gaseous and particulate emissions were observed at the beginning of the test cycle when the performance of the engine and the catalyst was below optimal. The formation, composition, number and mass of secondary particles was significantly affected by driving patterns and engine conditions. We observed that, in mass terms, the amount of secondary particles was 13 times higher than the amount of primary particles. Our aerosol particle study covers the whole process chain in emission formation, from the tailpipe to the atmosphere, and also takes into account differences in driving patterns. In this study, we used a comprehensive set of measurements to characterize both primary and secondary particulate emissions of a Euro 5 level gasoline passenger car. To understand the health effects of traffic-related emissions, both primary (direct) particulate emission and secondary particle formation (from gaseous precursors in the exhaust emissions) need to be characterized. In many densely populated areas the amount of traffic is increasing, keeping the emission level high or even increasing. Changes in vehicle emission reduction technologies significantly affect traffic-related emissions in urban areas.
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